Researchers conduct studies from either a basic or applied scientist’s perspective. Basic researchers usually conduct studies with a focus on the cellular and molecular levels, such as how organ systems work, adapts or respond to various factors. Sometimes this is referred to as bench research, especially if animal models are used. Applied researchers usually conduct studies with a focus on more practical questions that appear to be more applicable for immediate use, such as ways to increase athletic performance or how to improve health and reduce disease. Either career requires getting a terminal degree, such as a Ph.D., which involves at least four to five years beyond the undergraduate level. Most researchers are employed in universities and hospitals.

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